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Index
A
accident compensation scheme,
315317
Accident Insurance Act 1998.
See Acts
Acinetobacter.
See bacteria
Acts
Accident Insurance Act 1998
315316
Agricultural Compounds and Veterinary
Medicines Act (1997) 204, 216,
267,
275,
293295,
357358
Animal Products Act 1999 204
Animal Remedies Act 1967,
294295
Animal Welfare Act 1999 37,
116
Australia New Zealand Food Authority
Act 1991 195196,
201
Biosecurity Act 1993 112,
114,
124,
132,
148,
267268,
320,
419
Commissions of Inquiry Act 1908 299
Conservation Act 1987 124,
307308
Environment Act 1986 349
Fair Trading Act 1986 195,
234235
Food Act 1981 204,
212,
258
Hazardous Substances and New
Organisms Act 1996 (HSNO)
2425,
3839,
6567,
94,
105,
112115,
117119,
121125,
132,
148,
249,
267268,
275,
293295,
298,
305306,
308309,
313314,
319320,
323,
331,
336339,
342345,
352353,
358360
Health Act 1956 267268
Human Rights Act 1993 (HRA)
191,
326
Medicines Act 1981
115,
249,
258,
275,
294
Misuse of Drugs Act 1975 258
New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990
326
New Zealand Public Health and
Disability Act 2000 345
Official Information Act 1982 295
Patents Act 1953 272,
275,
279,
281,
284285,
287,
344,
357
Patents Act 1990 285,
357
Pesticides Act 1979 294
Plant Variety Rights Act 1987
273274,
357
Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA)
307,
313315,
322,
337
State-Owned Enterprises Act 1986
307
Treaty of Waitangi Act 1975 308
acute pancreatitis.
See disease
adrenoleucodystrophy.
See disease
Advisory Committee on Novel Genetic
Techniques (ACNGT),
104105
Agreement between the Government of
New Zealand and the Government
of Australia 194
Agreement on Technical Barriers to
Trade (TBT).
See international
agreements
Agreement on the Application of
Sanitary and Phytosanitary
Measures (SPS Agreement).
See
international agreements
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of
Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS
Agreement).
See international
agreements
Agri-Quality standard 172
Agricultural Compounds and Veterinary
Medicines Act 1997.
See Acts
agricultural industry.
See industries
AIDS.
See disease.
See also viruses
alfalfa.
See crops
allergenicity 61,
178,
214,
224
Cry9C 214
allergens 61,
191,
214
allergic reactions
51,
140,
202,
214,
236
alpha-1 anti-trypsin.
See proteins
alphalpha mosaic virus.
See viruses
Alzheimers.
See disease
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amino acids 43,
186
lysine 264
sequences 278
-amylase 186
anaemia.
See disease
animal
feed 65,
105,
166,
187,
191,
204,
214216,
264,
356
remedies 239,
248,
255,
264267
vaccines 264267
welfare 256
animal diseases 192
avian influenza 267
bovine somatotropin (bST) 187
bovine spongiform encephalopathy
(BSE) 160,
191192,
211,
312
campylobacteriosis 264
feline leukemia virus 265
foot and mouth disease 264
fowl pox 266
helminthosis 264
hip dysplasia 106
Johne's disease 264
scrapie 160
tuberculosis 163,
264
animal ethics committees 26
animal genes.
See genes
animal industry.
See industries
Animal Products Act 1999.
See Acts
Animal Remedies Act 1967.
See Acts
Animal Remedies Board 334
Animal Welfare Act 1999.
See Acts
animals 45
as bioreactors,
160169,
204
cattle 20,
45,
51,
54,
106,
113,
122,
139140,
159160,
163,
187,
191,
252,
256
cell cultures 121122
chimpanzees 37
cloning 54,
279,
283
containment 122124
deer 58,
163
dogs 106
dolphins 37
ethics 116
fantail 37
farm 50,
124
feeding studies 216
fish,
5253
goats 58,
139,
160161,
167,
191
gorillas 37
health 109,
140
huia 168
in research 3334,
39
livestock 216
lizards 37
mammals 122
mice 45,
51,
106,
120,
160
monkey 121
"oncomouse" 282
ownership 284
parasite control 62
pigs 255256,
430,
440
possum control 162,
164165
possums 31,
44,
5864,
92,
106,
163,
167
poultry 51,
187,
215216,
264
produce 211
product standards 204
products 187,
216217
protection 27
rabbits 51,
132,
148,
160
rats 167,
209
remedies 357
research 107108
salmon 52,
57,
139
sheep 45,
54,
106,
113,
122,
139,
160161,
187,
191,
252,
283
snails 37
stoat control 162
stoats 58,
63,
167
tagging 123
trade 66
transgenic 16,
3235,
38,
45,
50,
5254,
106,
113,
120121,
159160,
162,
208,
256,
279,
343,
355
tuatara 37,
288
welfare 3334,
38,
57,
105,
113,
160,
192,
215,
344
wellbeing 33
whales 37
antibiotic resistance 191
antibiotic resistance genes.
See genes
antibiotic resistance markers 46,
4850,
55,
112,
191,
210
antibiotics 210
antibodies 46,
366
antioxidants 141
apples.
See crops
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Argentina
GM crops 138,
172
asbestosis.
See disease
Asia
diets 48
Asilomar conference 104
asparagus.
See crops
aspartame 186
Assisted Human Reproduction Bill 125
asthma.
See disease.
See also vaccines
Australasia
diets 48
Australia
biocontrol of possums 164
crop pests 142
development approvals 118
Federal govenment 197
Food and Grocery Council 232
food labelling 207
GM crops 138
law 195
legislation 197,
230
markets 183
National Farmers' Federation 139
pest research 162
Senate 197
State and Territory governments 196
Australia and New Zealand Food
Authority (ANZFA) 161,
259
Australia New Zealand Closer Economic
Relations Trade Agreement
(ANCERTA) 194
Australia New Zealand Food Authority
(ANZFA) 63,
183,
186187,
194204,
206,
211213,
215237,
342,
344,
348
Australia New Zealand Food Authority
Act 1991.
See Acts
Australia New Zealand Food Authority
Advisory Committee (ANZFAAC) 196
Australia New Zealand Food Standards
Code 195,
259,
261
Australia New Zealand Food Standards
Council (ANZFSC) 196200,
212,
224
Australia/New Zealand Standard 2243.3
112114,
119,
122
Australian Food Standards Code
195,
200
Australian Gene Technology Bill 2000
139
Austria
strict liability 328
avian influenza.
See animal diseases
B
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt).
See
bacteria;
insecticides
bacteria 45,
139
Acinetobacter 50
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
5961,
143,
214,
340
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin
142143,
340,
354
bioreactors 159
Camphylobacter 210
clones 105
cultures 187
Klebsiella planticola 73,
166
new 60
producing tryptophan 43
resistance 139
Salmonella 210
soil 49
toxins 170
weakened 45
"bacterial ghosts" 106
barley.
See crops
bees and bee products 151
bee products 151152,
340
bees 57,
113,
150,
152
GM-free honey 152
honey 57,
151,
172,
340,
354
honeybees 5253,
146,
151152
propolis 151
berryfruit.
See crops
BIO-GRO 172
biocontrol
possums 163165
biodiversity 155,
169,
292,
355,
365
benefit 168
damage 324326
destruction 169
improvement 154,
168
issues 166
loss 5860,
154,
167,
169
loss of 311
protection 60,
67,
109,
168169
reduction 277
risks 54
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sustainable use 288
threats 60
Bioethics Council.
See Toi te Taiao : the
Bioethics Council
biofuels 165
biological safety officer 104
biologically functional molecular
chimeras 279
biomining 157
biopiracy 293
bioprospecting 166,
293
bioreactors 158162,
174,
334,
355
cell 159
plant 158159
bioremediation 109,
154,
156158,
162,
334
Biosafety Protocol.
See international
agreements: Cartegena Protocol on
Biosafety
biosecurity 88,
148149,
161,
205
systems 333
Biosecurity Act 1993.
See Acts
biosensors 162
biosphere 22,
27
biotechnology revolution 278
bone meal.
See food
bovine somatotropin (bST).
See animal
diseases
bovine spongiform encephalopathy
(BSE).
See animal diseases
brassicas.
See crops
BRCA genes.
See genes
breeding programmes 279
broccoli.
See crops
Bt corn.
See crops
Bt cotton.
See crops
Bt genes.
See genes
Bt pollen.
See pollen
buffer zones 149,
171,
174,
176177,
339,
355
C
calicivirus.
See viruses: rabbit
Californian poppy.
See plants
Camphylobacter.
See bacteria
campylobacteriosis.
See animal diseases
Canada
canola weediness 145
commodity crops 147
courts 147
crop contamination 147
GM crops 138,
172
labelling system 230
regulatory environment 225
Royal Society,
225226,
229
strict liability 328
cancer.
See disease.
See also
genes;
vaccines
canola.
See crops.
See also
organic;
pollen
carcinogenic effects 61
carotenoids 107
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety.
See
international agreements
cattle.
See animals.
See also genes
cell cultures 121122
cell fusion 125,
353
cell lines 274,
353
cereal.
See crops
chickens.
See animals: poultry
China
GM crops 138
chloroplasts 178
DNA.
See DNA
genome.
See genome
chromosomes 45
artificial 105
breakage 45
deletions 45
rearrangement 45
chymosin.
See proteins
cloning 32,
105107,
125,
161,
254,
279, 353,
366,
372
clover.
See crops.
See also pollen
code of ethics 6465
code of practice 149,
177,
339,
355
Codex Alimentarius
decisions 203
Codex Alimentarius Commission
205207,
210,
237
Ad Hoc Intergovernmental Task Force
on Foods Derived from
Biotechnology 206
Codex Committee on Food Labelling
(CCFL) 206
Codex Committee on General
Principles (CCGP) 206
Codex Committee on Methods of
Analysis and Sampling (CCMAS)
206
Codex food standards 206
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Codex Alimentarius Committee 172
Commerce Commission 236
Commission of the European
Communities 319
Commissions of Inquiry Act 1908.
See
Acts
commodity industry.
See industries
Commonwealth government 196
Community Involvement Strategy 201
compensation fund 328
conservation 437
genetics 168
increase 154
native forests 153
Conservation Act 1987.
See Acts
constitutional change 299
consumer
attitude 192
benefit 211
choice 24,
199,
211,
217,
230,
233,
333334,
365
concern 190195,
211
confidence 217
demands 155
health 205,
334
information 235,
356
needs 140,
230
preference 33,
76,
91,
93,
173,
192,
349
protection 211,
225
resistance 332
responses 173,
192,
322
rights 235,
356
well-being 334
containment 4243,
4546,
55,
103,
105106,
111114,
117122,
131
breach of 112,
117
facilities 104,
114,
118120,
131
legislative 111
measures 104
new organisms 320
of animals 57
of bioreactors 174
of cell cultures 159
of field trials 336
of research 7,
139,
152
PC1 112,
118119,
122,
352
PC2 112,
118119,
122,
352
PC3 113,
122
PC4 113,
122
regulations 112,
119,
352
requirements 104
research 120,
122123
standards 117,
119
contamination 315
accidental 171
antibiotic resistance 49
by crops 172
of crops 171
of environment 55
of production systems 170
of products 43
threshold 172,
177
Convention Establishing the World
Intellectual Property Organization
(WIPO).
See international
agreements
Convention on Biological Diversity.
See international agreements
Cook Islands
Patents Act 275
Coprosma.
See plants
copyright 272,
275,
286,
290
related rights 272,
275
corn.
See crops.
See also genes;
pollen;
seeds
corn meal.
See food
corn syrup.
See food
corporate
ownership 277
property 282
cotton.
See crops
Court of Appeal 302
cows.
See animals: cattle
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD).
See
disease
Crohn's disease.
See disease
crops
alfalfa 144
apples 139,
141,
273
asparagus 139
barley 139,
144
berryfruit 141
brassicas 48,
122,
139,
149,
152,
340,
360
broccoli 139
Bt corn 50
Bt cotton 142143
Bt-modified 143,
340
Bt-resistant 58,
59
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canola 87,
139,
144145,
147,
151,
159,
172,
177,
212,
318
cereal 66,
186187
clover 139140,
176
commodity 335
contamination 147,
152,
172
contamination by 214,
318
corn (maize) 5859,
66,
88,
138139,
144145,
147,
159,
166,
177,
183,
212,
214,
283,
312
cotton 183,
212,
283
disease 141
fescue 144
garlic 260
grains 139,
186187
grape 138
greenfeed 140
infertile 178
kale 177
kiwifruit 81,
90,
138139,
141
Lisianthus 139,
149
nitrogen fixing ability 140
nutrient uptake 140
nutritional quality 137
oat 144
organic 171172
ornamentals 107,
139,
149150,
340,
360,
435
papaya 186
pasture 140,
187
peas 139,
141
performance 139
petunia 139,
149150,
175
pine 122123,
139,
146,
152,
154,
156,
169,
178
pip fruit 138
potato 73,
139,
141,
144145,
183,
209,
212,
260
productivity 140,
153,
211
quality 140,
211
rapeseed 5253
rice,
180183,
279
rotation 176
Roundup Ready 145,
147
ryegrass
140,
144,
175,
177,
340,
360
separation 177,
214
shelf-life 137
soybean 138139,
147,
183,
212,
221,
227
sugar beet 50,
139,
145,
212
sunflower 144
sweetcorn 177
tamarillo 89,
122123,
139,
141
tobacco 178
tomato 66,
88,
144,
183,
186,
260
transgenic 45,
5051,
123,
144,
146,
171,
181,
183,
283
turnip rape 177
weediness 144
wheat 139
yields 137,
140
cross-contamination 149,
334
cross-fertilisation 176
cross-pollination 5153,
5657,
87,
144,
151152,
154,
156,
171,
174,
177,
214,
337,
340,
354,
360
Crown
Law Office 300
Research Institutes (CRIs) 5860,
67,
115,
163,
320
Cry9C.
See genes.
See also
allergenicity
cultural
beliefs 367
concerns 24,
26,
342343,
365
considerations 25,
32,
343
decisions 129
distinctions 38
diversity 12
heritage 11,
25,
333
heritage protection 288,
293
heritage rights 287
hope 12
issues 7,
1540,
118,
126129,
156,
166,
168,
343346,
349350,
360,
365
objections 283
offence 127
perspective 71,
132,
200
property rights 292
reasons 42
rights 292,
358
risks 166
significance 33
understanding 38
values 16,
28,
40,
308,
336,
349
well-being 11,
24,
305,
342
cystic fibrosis.
See disease
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D
daffodil genes.
See genes
dairy industry.
See industries
DDT.
See herbicides;
pesticides
deer.
See animals
Demeter standard 172
Denmark
organic sector 98
Department of Conservation 168169
depression.
See disease
diabetes.
See disease
dieldrin.
See pesticides
dietary supplements 43,
61,
151,
239,
257262,
356.
See also
nutraceuticals, nutriceuticals
Dietary Supplements Regulations 1985.
See Acts
disease 231,
316
acute pancreatitis 241
adrenoleucodystrophy 251
AIDS 47,
242
Alzheimers 253
anaemia 180
asbestosis 317
asthma 246
attacks 170
birth defects 180
cancer 47,
106107,
240242,
244,
250,
252,
278,
317,
327
control 357
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)
191,
242,
253
Crohn's disease 241
cystic fibrosis 160,
241242,
244,
251,
438
depression 43
diabetes 241244
diagnosis 107,
110,
276,
316,
326,
334
diagnostic techniques 250
emphysema 160
Eosinophilia Myalgia Syndrome (EMS)
43,
232
Gaucher 242
genetic disorders 240
genetic predisposition 327
growth hormone deficiency 245
haemophilia 241,
436
heart 244
hepatitis 241242,
248,
261
herpes 241
hip dysplasia 106
human 109
Huntingtons 251
hypertension 244
inherited 106,
327
insomnia 43
lysosomal 252253
melanoma 246
mental health disorders 244
metabolic 240,
250
modelling 426
multiple sclerosis 160
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma 61
non-infectious 106
pertussis 248
psoriasis 246
resistance 139,
142
rheumatoid arthritis 241
systemic lupus erythematosis 241
therapeutics 357
therapies 34,
6061,
109,
276
treatment 106107,
110,
116,
159160,
276,
280,
316
tuberculosis 241
urinary tract 241
work-related 316
DNA 3536,
228,
232,
274,
280,
416
amplification 107
chloroplast 50,
54
consumption 5074
detection 50,
232
feeding 51
fragmentation 5051,
105
fragments 105,
214
from pathogens 46
in animal products 216
isolation 105
libraries 105
mapping 36
novel 202,
216,
231232
recombinant 103104,
158,
208,
420
release to soil 50
replication 103
sequences 37,
45,
49,
283
splicing 103
structure 103
synthetic 284
uptake 49
viral 46
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E
E-cadherin genes.
See genes
eco-centric standpoint 21
ecological
approach 22
assessment 155,
354
balance 56
complexes 418
impacts 56,
58
issues 166
principles 28
risks 145
systems 110
world view,
2021,
25
ecology
balanced 21
ecosystems 133,
343,
418
aquatic 418
damage 55
function 110
health 365
health of 24
impacts 353
risks 112
understanding 25
value of 24
education
benefits 109
quality 109
system 333
educational
outcomes 12
strategies 25
emphysema.
See disease
employment
job creation 78
workforce 79
Environment Act 1986.
See Acts
Environment Court 314315
environmental
acceptability 159
advantage 192
assessment 150
benefits 74,
108,
109110,
153
considerations 32
contaminants 156
contamination 163,
169,
325
damage 7,
39,
73,
311,
313314,
319
degradation 1920,
65
effects 57,
69,
113,
132133,
153,
174,
344,
355
factors 140
harm 55,
226,
281,
292
impacts 31,
42,
5557,
66,
73,
103,
112,
122,
124,
133,
139,
150,
154157,
225,
333,
339,
353
implications 40
income tax 324
issues 7,
167,
349,
365
law 6566
liability 324325
management 37,
78,
292
performance 153
perspectives 367
pests 58
pollution 157
problems 48,
156,
170
protection 105,
207,
328,
334,
336
protection legislation 328
remediation 157,
313315,
319
risk assessment 54
risks 72,
110,
112113,
142,
144,
148,
162,
170,
174,
333,
343,
365
safety 42,
111,
117,
336
threats 60
user charge 323324
values 349
well-being 11,
342
Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA).
See United States
Environmental Risk Management
Authority (ERMA) 16,
3840,
48,
52,
6465,
90,
113115,
117118,
120125,
128129,
131132,
133,
148149,
152,
160,
175,
186,
204,
221,
223,
249,
267268,
293295,
302303,
305,
313314,
320,
323,
334,
342344,
347,
353,
357
enzymes.
See proteins
Eosinophilia Myalgia Syndrome
(EMS).
See disease
epidemiology 110
erythropoietin.
See medicines
essay competition 373
ethical
acceptability 159
approvals 115
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aspects 132,
350
assessment 116
beliefs 367
codes 15
concerns 24,
342,
365
considerations 2425
decision-making 25,
28,
31,
3840,
343
decisions 129,
346
distinctions 38
framework 26
guidelines 356
impacts 135,
354
issues 1540,
65,
116,
118,
126129,
135,
166,
210,
281282,
303,
343347,
350,
360,
365
objections 283
offence 127
oversight 356
perspectives 26,
200
principles 26
reasons 42,
70
requirements 125
review 126
science 135
significance 33
standards 26
theories 27
values 16,
23
ethics committees 15,
39,
115116,
126,
129,
345
Europe
BSE outbreak 191192,
312
contamination of seed 312
diets 48
food approval 183
marketing strategy 337
markets 81
organic farmers 172
research costs 109
strict liability 328
European Community
environmental liability 325
White Paper 325
European Parliament 325326
European Union 181
buffer zones 176
directive 90/220/EEC 325
environment liability 324
food labelling 207
liability 325326
protected areas 326
Protection of Biological Inventions
282
F
Factor VIII.
See medicines
Fair Trading Act 1986.
See Acts
FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Foods
Derived from Biotechnology
225226
farm animals.
See animals
feed.
See animal: feed
feline leukemia virus.
See animal
diseases
fermentation 105,
113
fertiliser use 140
fescue.
See crops
Field Release Working Party 105
field trials 43,
56,
66,
68,
72,
105,
111,
113115,
119,
122124,
133,
138,
141,
149,
151152,
154,
160,
169,
178,
314,
320,
328,
336
First International Conference on the
Cultural and Intellectual Property
Rights of Indigenous Peoples 292
fish.
See animals
flavonoids 107
flax.
See plants
food 334.
See also dietary
supplements;
functional
foods;
nutraceuticals, nutriceuticals
allergenicity 188,
221,
224,
228
allergens 57,
61,
191,
202,
208,
234
alternative sources 62
anti-nutritional factors 202
antioxidants 260
approval 222
avoidance 225
bone meal 191
chain 7,
56,
111,
158,
161162,
187,
191,
204,
234,
236,
355
composition 183,
194195,
202,
228,
230
contaminates 188
contamination 57,
191,
212216,
233,
236
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contamination threshold 232233
conventional 210,
226
corn meal 215
corn syrup 186
demand 173
distribution 181,
211
gene-altered 223
GM-free 81,
151
importance of 180
imported 65,
89,
182183,
332,
334
labelling 194195,
202205,
207,
211,
213215,
217,
230236,
334,
356
labelling regime 215,
231235,
356
labelling standards 206
local 181
novel 219,
221,
223225
nutritional value 61,
107,
139,
181,
188,
202,
208,
217,
221,
228
organic 171,
173,
211,
212,
332,
333
pharmaco 356357
preferences 181
preparation 50
processed,
182188,
190,
202,
232,
334
processing 66,
183237
production 81,
138,
172,
182,
204,
211,
228,
235,
356
products 63,
81,
214,
366
quality 138,
180,
188,
191,
193
rennet 186
residues on 188,
215
retailers 211
safety 64,
188193,
200,
205231,
234,
236,
334,
365
safety administration 204
safety agency 204
safety standards 217229
"scare" 192
security 277
segregation 214
shelf-life 333
sources 161162,
355
soy meal 187,
215
soy products 187
spiritual role 201
standards 114,
194207,
205,
213218,
225,
230,
234,
236237
starches 260
storage properties 188
supplements 44
supply 211
surplus 181
taco shells 214
testing 82,
194,
208,
215,
217219,
223228
toxicity 221,
228
toxins 57,
188,
191,
202,
208,
224,
234
trade 205
traditional 57,
201
unsafe 211
whole 228
Food Act 1981.
See Acts
Food Administration Authority 214,
216,
234236,
356
Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO). See international
organisations
Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
See United States
food industry.
See industries
Food Standards Australia New Zealand
(FSANZ) 196,
230,
236237
Food Standards Code 213
Food Standards Treaty 194198,
200
foot and mouth disease.
See animal
diseases
Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)
certification 155
forestry industry.
See industries
Foundation for Research, Science and
Technology (FRST),
129131
fowl pox.
See animal diseases
France
GM crops 138
fuel
renewable 153
functional foods 108,
257262,
356
funding
of science 64
organic 340
Public Good Science Fund 132
public research 39,
134135,
340,
353354
research 64,
135,
338
fungus resistance 139
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G
gamma irradiation 45
garlic.
See crops
Gaucher Disease.
See disease
gene
constructs 4546,
50,
54,
213,
221,
366
flow 133,
144145,
151,
154,
178
libraries 106
therapy 23,
40,
51,
107,
115,
123,
129,
240,
242,
244,
251254,
280,
334,
356
transfer 4951,
57,
133,
150,
175,
366
genes
amplification 105
animal proteins 280
animals 115,
291
antibiotic marker 46,
4850,
55,
112,
210
antibiotic resistance 191
BRCA 278
Bt 142,
282
Bt-corn 50
cancer 278
cattle 106
characterisation 105
chitinase activity 47
cloning 126
corn (maize) 283
Cry9C 214
daffodil 181
deletion 35,
54
dispersal 144
E-cadherin 250
escape 178
excising 49
expression 49,
106
foreign 178
function 33,
105106,
141
Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA)
209
growth hormone 139
herbicide resistance 52,
148,
178
horizontal transfer.
See horizontal
gene transfer
human 20,
22,
25,
3335,
3738,
105106,
115,
129,
161162,
231,
283284,
355
identification 105106,
141
indigenous peoples' 291
infection by 46
inheritance 54
inhibiting 137
insertion 20,
25,
33,
3435,
38,
46,
49,
5455,
207210,
214,
221,
280,
283
invasiveness 56
investigation of 166
isolation 105106,
283
knockout 187
lectin 208209
manipulation 72
Maori 34,
126
mapping 60,
221
marker 46,
4849,
110,
115,
279
mice 106
microorganisms 106
mutation 45
new 45,
225
over-expression 47,
106
ownership 274
pat-genes 52
patents 274,
278279,
282283
pharmaceutical 175
plant proteins 280
plants 106,
291
pleiotropic effects 54,
154
possum 106
promoters 4648
purification 283
rearrangement 54
recombination 47,
283
recombination hotspot 47
repetition 54
reporter 49
retention 167
secondary metabolite 141
seed 178
sequences 20,
47,
221,
274,
278,
283
sequencing 106,
126
sheep 106
stability,
5455
structure 105106
switching 178
synthetic 162,
355
terminator 48,
144,
154,
178
transformation 50
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tuatara 288
Genetic Technology Advisory Committee
(GTAC) 115, 121, 344
genetic variation 72
genome 45,
47,
208
chloroplast 178
integrity 33
knowledge of 111
potato 209
rice 180
sheep 108
transformation 178
understanding 334
genomics
cattle 109
programme 141
project 141
sheep 109
techniques 110
germ line gene therapy 23,
40,
129
Germany
honeybee research 52
strict liability 328
ginger.
See plants
glyphosate.
See herbicides
goats.
See animals
gorse.
See plants
grains.
See crops
grapes.
See crops
Green Revolution 170
greenhouse gas emissions 153
growth hormone genes.
See genes
H
haemophilia.
See disease
hapu 1820,
30,
37,
127,
129,
286287,
291292,
303,
305,
353
harmonisation
of risk assessment processes 325
Hazardous Substances and New
Organisms Act 1996 (HSNO).
See Acts
health
adverse effects 210,
227,
234
alternative treatments 62
aspects 350
benefits 110,
308
costs 109
damage 73,
311
effects 69,
236,
344
hazards 223
human 24,
31,
42,
49,
55,
6061,
6667,
72,
105,
160161,
181,
188,
191193,
208,
211,
215216,
224,
226,
231,
313,
327,
356,
365
impacts 124,
225
implications 40
insurance,
326327
matters 345
mental 20
outcomes 12
problems 158
professionals 334
protection 32,
281,
292,
347
public 48,
62,
182,
194,
199,
203204,
211,
217,
224,
233234,
236,
243
regulatory agencies 334
research 116
risks 54,
73,
110,
113,
162163,
208,
210,
333
services 203
strategies 25
warnings 223
Health Act 1956.
See Acts
Health Research Council (HRC)
115116,
129,
256,
345
Ethics Committee (HRCEC) 116,
121
hearings
formal 6,
11,
188,
226,
302
heart disease.
See disease
heliothis caterpillar.
See insects
helminthosis.
See animal diseases
hepatitis.
See disease
hepatitis B virus.
See viruses
herbicide resistance genes.
See genes
herbicides 169,
429
2,4-D 147
DDT 55
glyphosate 146
resistance 52,
57,
61,
139,
146,
152,
212,
319
resistance to 319
Roundup 61,
145,
169
tolerance 55,
137
tolerance to 212
use 139,
146148,
418
herpes.
See disease
hip dysplasia.
See animal diseases
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homologous recombination 54
honey.
See bees and bee products
horizontal gene transfer (HGT),
4751,
55,
57,
69,
110,
112,
123,
132133,
154,
174,
208,
216
hui 6,
11,
18,
3537,
126128,
153,
196,
286287,
290291,
300,
302
national 19
human
cell culture 121
cells 121
embryonic cells 125
genes.
See genes
tissue 126
growth hormone.
See medicines
Human Assisted Reproductive
Technology Bill 125
human genome project 327
Human Rights Act 1993 (HRA).
See Acts
Human Rights Commission 329,
359
Huntingtons Disease.
See disease
hypertension.
See disease
I
immune response 115
immuno-suppression 208
immunocontraception 165
immunosterilisation 165
Independent Biotechnology Advisory
Council (IBAC) 350
indigenous
flora and fauna 11,
19,
24,
3738,
5758,
60,
106,
109,
126,
128,
132,
133144,
150,
154,
156,
166,
168,
285,
290293,
342
intellectual heritage rights 287
knowledge 288,
292,
303
peoples 18,
285286,
288289,
292293
peoples' exploitation 292
peoples' rights 30,
166,
287,
289290,
292,
358
indigenous peoples' genes.
See genes
industrial designs 271,
275,
288
industrial property 271
industries
agricultural 322
animal 109
commodity 108
dairy 83,
85,
187,
279
food 182,
188,
199,
204
forestry 86,
152156
GM-free 338
insurance,
321323,
326
kiwifruit 138337
meat 92
multinational
147,
180,
192,
217,
290
nutritional 322
organics 130,
171,
173
pharmaceutical 115,
322
pip fruit 138,
337
primary 108,
138,
187,
192
production 419
seed multiplication 140
tobacco 317
tourism 95,
134
wine 138,
337
information
access to 278
confidentiality 293295,
358
dissemination 71,
348
exchange 280
flow 71
quality 68,
72
sufficient 69
unprotected 281
informed consent 288
Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation Bill
315
insecticides
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) 59
use 143
insects
barriers to 176
beneficial 143
Bt-resistance 143
effects on 113
harm to 319
heliothis caterpillar 142
lepidoptera 59
Monarch butterflies,
59
pests 143
pollen transfer 146,
150
porina moth 140
potato tuber moth 139,
141
resistance 139141
risks to native 143
wasp control 162
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wasps 60
insomnia.
See disease
Institute of Environmental Science and
Research 215
Institutional Biological Safety
Committees (IBSCs) 104,
114115,
118122,
126129,
303,
305,
320,
352353
University of Auckland Biological
Safety Committee 114
institutional ethics committees 116
insulin.
See medicines
insurance 311
traditional models 321
insurance industry.
See industries
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
8082,
85,
134,
138,
171,
172173,
335
intellectual property 94,
142,
271272,
274275,
279,
283,
288289
access 279281
applications 281
creation 63
export of 332
generating 108
issues 181,
270,
365
law 277,
281
licenses 279
objectives 277
ownership 279
protection 270,
272,
275277,
280281,
286
regimes 282
rights 181,
270296,
358
rights harmonisation 271
rights systems 270,
277281,
286,
295296
Intellectual Property Office of New
Zealand (IPONZ) 280,
288,
344,
358
interferon.
See medicines
Interim Assessment Group (IAG) 105
interleukin 4.
See proteins
international agreements
Agreement on Technical Barriers to
Trade (TBT) 89,
205,
207
Agreement on the Application of
Sanitary and Phytosanitary
Measures (SPS) 205,
207
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects
of Intellectual Property Rights
(TRIPS) 90,
275276,
281,
285,
288289,
292,
294,
358
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
(Biosafety Protocol) 6567,
289,
324
Convention Establishing the World
Intellectual Property Organization
271272,
275276
Convention on Biological Diversity
(CBD) 168,
324
International Convention for the
Protection of New Varieties of Plants
276
International Patent Cooperation
Treaty 275,
278,
280
International Union for the Protection
of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV)
273,
276
Mataatua Declaration on Cultural and
Intellectual Property Rights of
Indigenous Peoples 289
Trans-Tasman Mutual Recognition
Arrangement (TTRMA) 194195,
200
International Convention for the
Protection of New Varieties of
Plants.
See international
agreements
international marketplace 173,
186187
international organisations
Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO) 170,
181,
205,
210
United Nations 205,
276
World Health Organization (WHO)
181,
205,
210
World Trade Organization (WTO)
8990,
205207,
275276,
358
International Patent Cooperation
Treaty.
See international
agreements
invention 270272,
274,
277279
investment
foreign 79
iron deficiency 180
iwi 1820,
30,
37,
126129,
287,
291,
303,
305306,
353
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J
Japan
markets 81
strict liability 328
Jewish
dietary laws 231
Johne's disease.
See animal diseases
Joint Food Treaty.
See Australia New
Zealand Food Standards Code
K
kaitiaki 20,
88
kaitiakitanga 12,
19,
37,
285,
348
kale.
See crops
kiwifruit.
See crops
kiwifruit industry.
See industries
Klebsiella planticola.
See bacteria
knowledge
access to 288
acquisition 333
control 292
economy 78,
9394,
139,
333
human 270
indigenous.
See indigenous:
knowledge
lack of 69,
72
loss of 332
protection 285,
288,
296
retention 9394
sufficient 74
traditional,
285286,
291292,
296
L
labelling
GE-free 234
GM products 62,
150151,
155
laws 232
medicines 61
nursery stock 150151,
354
of food.
See food
of GM products 325
of seeds 150
organic 211
propagative material 150151,
354
regime 151,
354
seeds 151,
354
standards 235
lactose 186
Law Commission 329
law of limitations 321
lectin genes.
See genes
legal obligations
global 365
liability 324325,
327329
absolute 318
bond system 322329
bonds 319,
328
circumvention 319
civil 315,
317
effectiveness 319
environmental 325
establishment of 311,
315,
318319
extent of 326
fault-based 325
for personal injury 315
framework 312313
funds 313,
323
insurance 319,
321,
326
issues 63,
311329,
365
legal 318
new form of 319
of approving agencies 319320
of ERMA 320
of organisations 321
of persons 321
of state 312,
325
personal injury 321
policies 321
"polluter pays" approach 312,
324325
potential 315
problems 318
procedures for 324
provision for 313
regime 311,
319,
324,
328329
risks 319,
322
rules of 315
specific 315
statutory 313315
strict 313,
317,
325328
licencing 274275,
279,
281
fees 142
lindane.
See pesticides
Lisianthus.
See crops
lupus.
See disease
lysine.
See amino acids
lysosomal disease.
See disease
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M
maize.
See crops: corn. See also genes:
corn; pollen: corn; seeds: corn
mana 20,
2830,
34,
111,
168,
286
Maori authorities 79
Maori Consultative Committee 288,
358
Maori genes.
See genes
Maori Reference Group 201
Mapua 319
marker assisted selection (MAS) 141
marker genes.
See genes
Marsden Fund 129
Mataatua Declaration on Cultural and
Intellectual.
See international
agreements
mauri 19,
3536,
111,
168
meat industry.
See industries
medical
applications 40,
327
ethics 254
research 124
uses 7,
110,
332
medical applications.
See also gene:
therapy
stem cells 254
medical ethics committees 26,
344
Medical Research Council (MRC) 104
medicines 34,
60,
84,
109,
111,
113,
159,
280,
294,
334,
356
chemotheraputic agents 158
erythropoietin 241
human growth hormone 242,
246
imported 357
insulin 159 241243,
246,
275,
332,
334,
439
interferon 246
production 158
Recombinant Factor VIII 241
regulation 334
regulations 258262
taxol 158159
veterinary 84
Medicines Act 1981.
See Acts
Medsafe.
See Ministry of Health
melanoma.
See disease
metabolic disease.
See disease
Mexico
GM crops 138
mice.
See animals
milk 187
DNA in 51
from bST treated cows 187
pharmaceuticals in 109
production 140
products 77,
83,
187
proteins in 33,
113,
160
reduced lactose 186
whole 216
milkweed.
See plants
Ministry for the Environment (MfE)
105,
168,
249,
267268,
347
Ministry of Agriculture 196
Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries
104
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
(MAF) 114,
118,
120122,
132,
152,
177,
194,
203207,
216,
237,
267,
320,
339340,
342,
348,
354355,
359
Seed Certification Scheme 149
Ministry of Commerce 287
Ministry of Consumer Affairs 194,
235
Ministry of Economic Development 235
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade
90,
194,
205,
207
Ministry of Forestry 104
Ministry of Health 104,
194,
196,
203204,
206,
213218,
234,
237,
249,
256,
258,
261,
267268,
342,
347
Medsafe 218,
258259,
268,
334,
357
Ministry of Research, Science and
Technology (MoRST) 347,
349350,
360
Misuse of Drugs Act 1975.
See Acts
Monarch butterflies.
See insects
monitoring
of GM products 325
monoculture 154155,
169170
monopoly 277
morning glory.
See plants
mouse pox.
See viruses
multinationals.
See industries
multiple sclerosis.
See disease
mutagenesis 366,
372
myostatin 187
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N
National Animal Ethics Advisory
Committee (NAEAC) 116
National Ethics Committees 344
negligence 312,
317,
320,
328
Netherlands
organics sector 98
New Economy Research Fund 130
New Zealand
biodiversity 162163,
166,
168169
Biodiversity Strategy 167168
biosecurity 109,
132,
332
"clean and green" image 7,
76,
9496,
332,
337
commodities 77
commodity products 8485
competitiveness 8384,
108109,
130,
173,
199,
281,
332333
ecosystems 58,
60
environment 12,
133
export earnings 182
export markets 333
exports 24,
76,
77,
81,
97,
141,
151152,
172,
332333
flora and fauna.
See indigenous:
flora and fauna
imports 148,
186,
334
international competitiveness 7891
international obligations 8990,
200,
205207,
229,
271,
275277,
288289,
296,
365
laws 67,
200,
232,
311,
315
legislation 112,
210,
284,
308309,
345,
356
markets 61,
8285,
91,
93,
183,
186187,
211,
221,
312
National Commission for UNESCO 211
patents 279
policy 12,
28,
168
regulations 103,
112129,
194237,
203207,
311313,
333,
342,
345
standard of living 79
tourism 80
trade 162
uniqueness 11
values 11,
16
views 237
New Zealand Bill of Rights Act
1990.
See Acts
New Zealand Food Administration
Authority 194
New Zealand Food Regulations 195
New Zealand Food Standard 1996
195,
198199
New Zealand Law Commission 321
New Zealand Public Health and
Disability Act 2000.
See Acts
Nga Kaihautu Tikanga Taiao 346
Niue
Patents Act 275
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
See disease
nos terminator.
See terminators
nuclear transfer 125,
353
nucleic acids 115
nutraceuticals, nutriceuticals
81,
108,
188,
240,
257262.
See
also dietary supplements
O
oat.
See crops
Office of the Ombudsmen 349
Official Information Act 1982.
See Acts
oleic acid 212
organic
agriculture 171,
174
canola 172
certification 88,
171,
172,
177,
339,
355
crop contamination 212
economy 333
exports 172,
332
farmers 82,
131,
143,
171172
farming 134,
138,
171172,
177,
312,
335,
339,
353,
355
funding 134
markets 67
nation 8788,
190,
211
pest management 62,
132
production 76,
81,
85,
92,
100,
134,
171173
production standards 172
products 80,
92,
173,
335
research 134
sector 80,
9799,
332
standards 171
testing procedures 82
organics
markets 173
movement 171,
173
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organics industry.
See industries
Organisation for Economic Co-operation
and Development 176,
210,
219,
225
Task Force for the Safety of Novel
Foods and Feeds 206207
organochlorine.
See pesticides
ornamentals.
See crops
outcrossing 45,
5153,
57,
143145,
150,
154,
171,
175,
177
P
papaya.
See crops
pasture plants.
See crops
pat-genes.
See genes
patents 81,
243,
271273,
275,
278281,
283,
286,
288290,
295
animals 282
applications 273,
280282,
288,
344
bacterium 282
challenge 274
cost 272
"covetous claiming" 274
criteria 284
DNA sequences 283
exclusion 281
exclusivity 273
exercise 275
expiry 286
genes 142,
278279,
282283
genetic modification 280
granting 286
holders 274,
289
humans 284,
296
infringement 279
invalid 274
issue 274
law 284
legislation 271
living organisms 282284
monopoly 282
number 280
of plants 278282,
290
"oncomouse" 282
protection 283
rights 274,
281
systems 273,
277,
282283
world-wide 275
Patents Act 1953.
See Acts
Patents Act 1990.
See Acts
PCBs.
See pesticides
pea mosaic virus.
See viruses
peas.
See crops
penalties 314
for infringement 288
pertussis.
See disease
pesticides 418
1080 110,
163
DDT 157
dieldrin 157
elimination of 59
lindane 157
organochlorine 157
PCBs 157
use 139140,
142,
170
Pesticides Act 1979.
See Acts
pests 133,
167
attacks 170
control 31,
44,
60,
6264,
106,
109110,
131,
138,
162165,
168,
334,
418
fertility control 162
invasive 167
mammalian 162
management 63,
114,
148,
153,
168
management systems 110
new 44
resistance 137,
139,
211
petunia.
See crops
pharmaceutical industry.
See industries
pharmaceuticals 33,
6061,
108109,
161,
166,
175,
204,
208,
228,
246,
294
from bark 153
production 160
pharmaco food.
See food
phenotype change 225
pigs.
See animals
pine.
See crops.
See also pollen
Pinus.
See crops
pip fruit.
See crops
pip fruit industry.
See industries
plant breeders' exemption 273
plant breeders' rights 271273
plant genes.
See genes
plant variety 289
protection 275276
Plant Variety Rights 272274,
282,
290,
295
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Plant Variety Rights Act 1987.
See Acts
plants
as bioreactors 158159
Californian poppy 150
cell culture 158
Coprosma 286
disease resistance 107
drought resistance 56
flax 37,
166
forage 108
fungi 47
ginger 150
gorse 58
heavy metal accumulation 156
herbicide resistance 319
high risk 175
insect resistance 5657
invasive 150
lupins 150
manuka products 166
medicinal 19
milkweed 59
morning glory 150
nursery 149150
out of season 150
pest resistance 107
research 107
salt tolerant 156,
157
tolerance 211
transgenic 5051,
54,
58,
106,
145,
156,
159,
175,
178,
208
volunteer 145147
weediness 5657
wild mustard 145
wild radish 145
wild turnip 145
wilding pines 155
willows 158
yew 158
plasmids 45,
105,
280
pleiotropic effects.
See genes
pollen 51,
57,
151152
allergic response 140
barriers 175176,
334
Bt corn,
59
Bt-modified 143
canola 146,
151
clover 151
contamination by 57
contamination of 177
corn (maize) 59,
146
densities 59
development 152
dispersal 51,
59,
124,
144146,
152,
155
drift 144,
149
escape 149
feeding 52
fertile 45
flow 57
load 52
pine 154155,
178
production 60,
153,
175,
178
settling 59
shed 59
source 152
transfer 57,
150152
traps 52
pollination 151,
154,
366,
372
pollutants 156
pollution 315
ammonia 140
bioremediation 419
methane 140
paper production 153
reduction 154
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 48,
107,
112
porina moth.
See insects
Portugal
GM crops 138
possum control.
See animals
possums.
See animals
post release monitoring 124
potato.
See crops.
See also genome
potato tuber moth.
See insects
poultry.
See animals
precautionary approach/precautionary
principle 6568
primary industry.
See industries
primary production 8081
primary sector 266
product
quality 79
safety 110
production
costs 7880
yield 81
promoters
35S 4548
sequences 4548
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propolis.
See bees and bee products
proteins 159
adverse effects 160
alpha-1 anti-trypsin 160
chymosin 159,
183,
186187
enzymes 156,
161,
178
human 159160
insecticide 209,
214
interleukin 4 46
lactase 186
lectin 208209
possum 163
production 161
products 159
recombinant 106
psoriasis.
See disease.
See also
vaccines
public
acceptability 68,
135,
162,
164
assurance 215
attitude 72,
165,
187,
192
awareness 108,
190192
communication 72,
230
concern 42,
52,
7273,
123,
192195,
203,
207,
210,
214,
229,
234235,
237,
282283,
322
confidence 39,
64,
117,
229,
349
consultation 67,
12,
24,
40,
71,
73,
127,
201203,
212,
229,
237,
299,
301,
343,
346347,
367
debate 26,
74,
193,
344
disclosure 278
dissemination 277
domain 274,
277278
education 8,
7172,
343,
347348
health.
See health: public
health units 203
hearings 180,
217
information 236237,
348
interest 67,
70,
135,
235,
278,
329,
365
issues 142,
322
knowledge 277
meetings 6,
11,
34,
37,
207,
300,
302
needs 277
notification 24,
126,
127
opinion 193
participation 72,
201,
206,
345346,
348,
360
perception 45,
63,
7172,
164,
188237,
217,
284,
347
policy issues 281
preference 222
protection 328
rights 277
safety 182,
194,
199,
206,
233
trust 72,
229
uncertainty 190
understanding 133,
138
views 24
public health.
See health: public
public opinion survey 67,
107108
R
rabbits.
See animals
radiation mutagenesis 45
rangatiratanga 231,
299
rapeseed.
See crops
rats.
See animals
refugia 340,
354
regional health ethics committees 116
Register of Organisms 114
regulator elements 221
release
conditional 123125,
161,
314,
336338,
353
issues 172173
of Bt-crops 143,
354
of GM crops 111,
133,
138,
171,
338339,
353
of GM food 115,
183
of GM plants 174
of GM products 133
of GM salmon 139
of GMOs 7,
6466,
6771,
95,
105,
111112,
114115,
133,
135,
171172,
313314,
320,
323,
325,
328,
339,
354
of herbicide resistant crops 148
of pollen 122
of treatments 116
of vaccines 113
open 336
rennet.
See food
research 333
and development 141
animals 116
community-based 110
environmental 130
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human 39,
116,
126
in containment 33
international 133
medical 107,
110,
278
phenotypic 279
research ethics committees 344
resistance
antibiotic 46,
4850,
55,
112,
191,
208,
210
disease 211
drought 140
herbicides.
See herbicides
insect 212
salinity 140
resource consents 322
Resource Management Act 1991
(RMA).
See Acts
RHA Ethics Committees 126
rheumatoid arthritis.
See disease
rice.
See crops.
See also genome
RNA 280
Rockefeller Foundation 181
Romania
GM crops 138
Roslin Institute 279,
283
Roundup.
See herbicides
royalties 142,
181,
275,
279,
281
rules 279
ryegrass.
See crops
S
35S.
See promoters
salmon.
See animals
Salmonella.
See bacteria
scoping meetings 6
Scotland
extraction of proteins 160
scrapie.
See animal diseases
seed multiplication industry.
See
industries
seeds 45
certification 148149,
177,
355
certification scheme 140,
176
contaminants 148
contamination of 312
corn (maize) 176,
214
counter-season production 140,
148
development 176
dispersal 174
heritage 168
hybrid 170
imported 148,
332
monopoly 277
production 140141,
177,
339
purity 176,
177
quality assurance scheme 149
Roundup resistant 147
saving 178,
273,
283
saving groups 168
spread 154
sterile 175
sterilisation 178
testing 148
trade 66
unlicensed use 312
viability 66
vulnerability 170
service marks 271,
275
sheep.
See animals.
See also
genes;
genome;
genomics
soil 133
bacteria 49
biosphere 55
contamination from 49
DDE-contamination 157
ecology 50,
5556,
113,
154155
ecosystem 58
fertility 155
foodweb 58
heavy metal content 157
high country 140
humic acid 50
impacts 353354
Klebsiella planticola 166
microorganisms 154155,
355
nutrients 154
nutrition 140
pollutants 156
production 153
saline 140,
157
South Africa
GM crops 138
soy meal.
See food
soybean.
See crops
Spain
GM crops 138
spiritual
beliefs 39,
307
concerns 342343
considerations 343
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costs 19
heritage 25
hope 12
issues 1540,
135,
343345,
360
pollution 57
qualities 168
reasons 42
values 16,
1819,
308
well-being 25,
201
Standard A18 Food Produced Using Gene
Technology 183,
195,
198200,
202203,
205,
207,
212213,
215,
217,
223,
231236,
396,
398
Compliance Guide 234
standard of responsibility 318
Standing Committee On Therapeutic
Trials (SCOTT) 115116,
344
starch 186
State-Owned Enterprises Act 1986.
See
Acts
sterility technology 178,
335,
340
stoats.
See animals
stockfeed.
See animal: feed
substantial equivalence
61,
209,
218,
224229
sugar beet.
See crops
sunflower.
See crops
"super bugs" 48
"super weeds" 44,
143,
169
sweetcorn.
See crops
Swiss government 181
Swiss Re 321322
systemic lupus erthematosis.
See
disease
T
taco shells.
See food
taiao 18
tamarillo.
See crops.
See also viruses
tangata tiriti 11,
18,
30
tangata whenua 1112,
18,
30,
128,
303,
306,
348
taonga 24,
30,
3738,
88,
156, 164,
169,
286288,
296,
306308,
342
taxol.
See medicines
terminator
nos 48
technology 144,
178
terminator genes.
See genes
Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)
218
tikanga 19,
2930,
288,
348
framework 20
tino rangatiratanga 287
tobacco.
See crops
tobacco industry.
See industries
Toi te Taiao : the Bioethics Council
3940,
120,
129,
253254,
257,
281,
287,
305,
329,
334,
342346,
348350,
356,
359360
Tokelau
Patents Act 275
tomato.
See crops
Total Diet Survey 215,
236
tourism.
See industries
trade
barriers 173
fair 199,
205,
235
free 180
fur 163
implications 203
international 182,
203,
207
issues 203
policy 365
risks 110,
162
trade names 271
trademarks 271,
275,
277,
287288
Trans-Tasman Mutual Recognition
Arrangement (TTRMA).
See
international agreements
transformation
method 221
transgene
dispersal 174
expression 174
technology 316
transgenes
escape 51
integration 54
invasiveness 51
movement 54
new 47
risks 174
switching on 45
transgenic
crops 178
organisms 3334,
48,
112113,
210,
226
products 187
sequences 174
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transgenic animals.
See animals:
transgenic
transgenics 3336,
126
transplantation 284
Treaty of Waitangi 11,
18,
2425,
30,
156,
164,
291293,
298309,
348,
358,
365
Treaty of Waitangi Act 1975.
See Acts
Trojan gene hypothesis 53
L-tryptophan,
159,
204,
232
tuatara.
See animals.
See also genes
tuberculosis.
See animal
diseases;
disease.
See also
vaccines
turnip rape.
See crops
U
Ukraine
GM crops 138
unauthorised experimentation 117
Union for the Protection of New
Varieties of Plants.
See
international agreements
United Kingdom
Advisory Committee on Releases to
the Environment (ACRE) 174,
178
code of practice 149
development approvals 118
food safety agency 236
Ministry of Fisheries and Food
176177
plant weediness 57
Spongiform Encephalopathy Advisory
Committee (SEAC) 191
Supply Chain Initiative on Modified
Agricultural Crops (SCIMAC) 176
United Nations.
See international
organisations
United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development
(the Rio Declaration) 65
United States
authorities 44
buffer zones 176
Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation and
Liability Act 1980 (CERCLA) 324
Council for Responsible Genetics
(CRG) 326
courts 43
development approvals 118
Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) 59,
214,
324
ethanol production 166
exports to 207
Federation of Animal Science
Societies (FASS) 215
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
210,
218,
221229
food approval 183
food products 214
"genetic discrimination" 326
glyphosate usage 146
GM crops 138,
172
healthcare costs 109
labelling system 230
National Academy of Sciences 103
organic sector 98
patents 279
research costs 109
Shriver Center for Public Health 326
StarLink corn incident 214
Superfund liabilities 319,
324325
Supreme Court 282
thalidomide disaster 107
L-tryptophan incident 204
V
vaccines 110,
113,
164,
239240,
246249,
261,
334,
357
asthma 110,
113
cancer 110,
115
creation of 51
fertility control 46
humane 164
production 158
psoriasis 110
tuberculosis 110
vanilla 186
vat fermentation 43,
159,
161
vectors 208,
221,
280
sequences 4546
transgenic 46
vertical gene transfer 51
viruses 45,
105,
115,
208,
316.
See
also disease
AIDS 47
alfalfa mosaic (AMV) 141
calicivirus 132
cauliflower mosaic 4547
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DNA 46
dormant 47
human hepatitis B 47
mouse pox 46
new 47,
60,
170,
208
of tamarillo 139
pea mosaic 139
rabbit calicivirus (RCD) 148
resistance 137,
139,
141
retrovirus 255
sequences 47
tamarillo mosaic (TaMV) 141
weakened 105
vitamins 141
A 180181
deficiency 181
W
WAI
262 claim 166,
285,
291293,
300,
358
740 claim 285,
291293,
358
wairua 168
Waitangi Tribunal 285,
291293,
298,
300,
308,
358
wasps.
See insects
weediness 144145,
154155,
355
canola 145
increase in 143145
risk of 144,
150
weeds 133,
167
contamination 149
control 146,
148
damage by 318
herbicide resistance 148
hybridisation with 143
over-production 140
whakapapa 7,
1920,
29,
36,
111,
286
whanau 1920,
37,
250251
wheat.
See crops
wine industry.
See industries
wood
production 153
products 155
pulp processing 153
quality 153,
154
supply 156
wool
growth 140
World Health Organization (WHO).
See
international organisations
World Trade Organization (WTO).
See
international organisations
X
xenotransplantation 44,
255257,
356
Y
yeast 50,
52,
183,
186
bioreactors 159
Z
zero confidence 218
zero tolerance 171