p294 |
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Report Appendix 2 | Royal Commission on Genetic M odification
Index
A
ActsAgricultural Compounds and Veteri-
nary Medicines Act 1997
67, 69, 82
Animal Products Act 1999 82
Animal Remedies Act 1967
67, 69, 82
Animal Welfare Act 82
Biosecurity Act 1993 66­67, 82, 112
Commerce Act 1986 91
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993
66, 69
Copyright Act 1994 200
Designs Act 1953 200
Education Act 1989 60
Environment Act 1986 69
Fair Trading Act 1986 69, 200
Food Act 1981 66, 69, 82
Foreign Affairs Act 1988 67
Hazardous Substances and New
Organisms Act (HSNO Act)
1996, 66­293, 72­74, 89­
90, 92, 93, 95­97, 99, 102­
105, 107­110, 134,
161, 166, 181­183, 201,
202, 211, 226, 269, 271
Health Act 1956 69
Medicines Act 1981 66, 69, 81­82
Official Information Act 1982
89, 201, 202
Patents Act 1953 67, 190, 192, 200
Plant Variety Rights Act 1987
67, 82, 202
Resource Management Act 1991
67, 69, 82, 90­91, 109, 184
Stock Foods Act 1946 67, 69
Trade Marks Act 1953 200
Africa
agricultural biotechnology 219
Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade
(TBT Agreement). See international
agreements
Agreement on the Application of
Sanitary and Phytosanitary
Measures). See international
agreements
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of
Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS
Agreement). See international
agreements
Agricultural Compounds and Veterinary
Medicines Act (ACVM Act). See Acts
agricultural diversity
loss 155
agriculture. See industries
allergenicity 148, 250
allergens 133, 175
Animal Products Act 1999. See Acts
Animal Remedies Act 1967. See Acts
Animal Remedies Board 119
animals
biosecurity risk 256
birds 253
breeding programmes 165
breeding stock 142
cattle 118, 121, 126
disease eradification 259
ethics committees 269
feed 67, 116, 142, 252
fish 237
goats 126
growth rate 232
health 133, 171
in medical research 246
mice 84, 121, 126
muscling 232
organ transplants 246
patenting of 188
possum control
115, 121, 131, 214, 256
possums 52, 174
remedies 67, 94, 100,
116, 153, 198
reproduction 232
ruminant 256
Index
| H1 | p295
Royal Commission on Genetic M odification | Report Appendix 2
selection 232
sheep 118­119, 121, 126, 199
sheep fertility 118
stoats 52, 121
treatments 259
vaccines 118, 119
welfare 82, 116, 229, 236
antibiotic resistance
marker genes 118, 133, 148, 255
apomixis 120
apples. See crops
arable land
loss of 217
asthma. See disease
atua 208
Australia
agreements with New Zealand
161, 163­164
biotechnology strategy 227
economic relations 67
field trial process 78
Gene Technology Bill 2000
79, 89, 202
regulatory framework, 78­79, 93,
99, 225, 226
Australia New Zealand Closer Economic
Relations Trade Agreement
(ANZCERTA) 67, 163
Australia New Zealand Food Authority
100­102, 106, 136, 149,
163, 170, 182, 247, 249, 250
Australia/NZ Standard 2243.3 93
Australian Genetic Modifications Ap-
proval Committee 79
B
bacteria 121, 254
cloning 121
crippled 254
Escherichia coli 119
resistance 119
bees and bee products
bee controls 240
bee products 138, 240
bees 133, 139, 148, 253
honey 133, 138
honey bees 106, 139, 240
Bench Mark Project 91
berryfruit. See crops
best practice 161
international 79, 96
policies 138
procedures 138
biodiversity 40, 44, 167, 241, 251­
252, 255­256
destruction 139, 219, 252
maintenance
53, 116, 168, 237, 252, 256
biomedical
programmes 61
research 50, 122, 245­293
biopharmaceuticals 119
"biopiracy" 177, 196, 225
bioremediation 52­53, 116, 121, 256
Biosafety Protocol. See international
agreements: Cartagena Protocol on
Biosafety (Biosafety Protocol)
Biosecurity Act 1993. See Acts
biosensors 121
biosphere 38, 44, 45, 54, 268, 271
biotechnology. See also industries
programmes 61
research 60, 81, 132, 203
revolution, 220­253, 235
bovine
cells 121
tuberculosis 118
C
calamity theory 130
Canada
bee research 139
biotechnology strategy 227
field trial process 78
cancer. See disease
canola. See crops
carotenoids 120
casein 118
cattle. See animals
cell lines 122
certification 46, 141, 179, 249
chimaeric organisms 134
Civil Aviation Authority 94
climate change 217
cloning 130
animals 195
human 90
Code of Ethics 90
Code of Health and Disability Services
Consumers' Rights 176
p296 |
Index
Report Appendix 2 | Royal Commission on Genetic M odification
Codex Alimentarius Commission
67, 162, 171
Codex Committee for Milk and Milk
Products 172
colony-stimulating factors 122
Commerce Act 1986. See Acts
Commerce Commission 182
compensation 175, 177, 178, 184
competition
global 33­35, 56, 60, 216, 220­293
confidentiality 79, 89
conservation
53, 66, 121, 171, 233, 256­293
constitutional change 205, 206
consumer
acceptance 152, 223, 224
attitude 38, 46, 131, 222­223, 260
choice 45, 50­51, 59, 241­
243, 245, 248­293, 265­266
demand 154, 221, 222­223, 237
education 227
preference 34, 217, 222­293
resistance 47, 130, 142, 144, 237
response 216, 222­223
rights 176, 242­245
Consumer Guarantees Act 1993. See Acts
contamination 148, 175­
176, 180, 240, 252
accidental 148, 183
by pollen 133, 154, 180, 240, 254
cross-boundary 180
cross-contamination 148
of crops 133, 154
of honey 133, 138
of imported seed 107
of plants 148
of product 148, 179
Convention on Biological Diversity. See
international agreements
conventional breeding 153, 181, 247
Copyright Act 1994. See Acts
corn (maize). See crops
cotton. See crops
"crippled"
bacteria and viruses 254
crops
apples 123, 199
berryfruit 123, 199
canola 121, 123
corn (maize) 119, 126,
148, 169, 179­180, 180, 233
cotton 123
kiwifruit 46, 55, 57, 123, 199
ornamental species 118, 120
petunia 119, 126
pine 119, 120, 121, 126
potato 119, 123­126
rice 218
ryegrass 121
senescence 120
soybean 123, 233
sugarbeet 119, 123, 126
timber 128, 237
wheat 85, 121
white clover 121
cross-pollination 133, 154, 180
Crown Forest Rental Trust model 62, 103
cultivars 202
cultural
acceptability 42, 44
appropriateness 218
beliefs 44, 61­63, 111, 143, 155,
157, 209, 211, 262­263, 265­266
concerns 93, 241­242, 262­263,
265­293, 269­270
definition 262
development 166
diversity 101, 167
framework 130, 211, 263
implications 18, 160, 166­
293, 255, 263­265
issues 21, 22, 61­63, 74, 106­
107, 204, 241, 262, 264­266
outcomes 49, 61­293
principles 265
property 166
property regulation 67
protection 161
requirements 266
responsibility 62
rights 111, 266
risks 47
traditions 193, 213
traditions, Jewish 266
values 41, 163, 237, 264, 265
cystic fibrosis. See disease
cytokines 122
Index
| H1 | p297
Royal Commission on Genetic M odification | Report Appendix 2
D
dairy. See industries
"designer" babies 267
Designs Act 1953. See Acts
diabetes. See disease
disease
asthma 122
avoidable 50
cancer 50, 122
carrier detection 122
cystic fibrosis
47, 123, 195, 230, 246
diabetes 41, 50, 215
diagnosis
41, 50, 122, 140, 153, 156, 223, 246
diagnosis confirmation, 122
diagnosis, prenatal 122
genetic-based 40­41, 47, 122
haemophilia 47, 215
heart 50
hepatitis B 215
hepatitis C 176, 180
Huntingtons disease 122
hypothyroidism 123
inherited metabolic 73, 122, 246
maple syrup urine disease 123
modelling 119
multiple sclerosis 122
phenylketonuria (PKU) 123
predictive testing 122, 246
predisposition testing 122
therapeutic care 47
therapeutic products 47
therapies 122, 140, 153, 164,
165, 188, 212, 215
treatment 41, 50­51, 73,
119, 122, 131, 140, 153, 164,
219, 223, 259
tuberculosis 122
understanding 50, 246
DNA 189­190, 221, 254
human 111
Maori 111
production 137
recombinant 51
recombinant crop 54
techniques 120
technology 50
testing 122
typing 121
Dothistroma 120
dothistromin 120
E
ecological
advantages 256
damage 263, 267
hazard 98
impacts 44, 140
principles 36, 45
sustainability 37
systematics 94
understanding 64, 271
ecosphere 45
ecosystem 44, 137, 252, 254
health 241, 251­252, 256
impacts on 251­254
risks to 139, 255­256
education
campaign 207
national strategies 227
needs 108, 207, 242, 248, 264
programmes 35
public 18, 23, 42, 90, 107­
108, 138, 207, 227, 242­
244, 263­264, 268
quality 61, 139, 142
Education Act 1989. See Acts
endangered species 140
environment
benefits 52, 53, 55, 56, 140, 152
degradation 140, 153, 175, 178
global issues 216­219
impact on 36, 37, 40, 54,
98, 102, 137, 139, 139­
208, 140, 144
improving 53
polluted 53
pressures 217, 219
problems 53, 217
protection of 54, 66
sustainable 46
understanding 53
Environment Act 1986. See Acts
environmental
acceptability 44­293
risk 54, 92, 93, 97, 98,
132, 133, 134, 144, 149, 153, 251
p298 |
Index
Report Appendix 2 | Royal Commission on Genetic M odification
risk management
34, 53, 94, 121, 153, 255
wellbeing 35
Environmental Risk Management
Authority (ERMA) 17, 62,
67, 70, 72­73, 75­76, 82, 84­
85, 87­88, 89, 90, 92­98, 102­
110, 112, 117, 118­120, 126,
136, 161, 166, 170, 175, 182­
184, 195, 201, 210­211,
213, 226, 253
ethical
acceptability 41­43, 91, 150, 189­
190
approach 176
beliefs 61­63, 143, 207
concepts 261, 266
concerns 93, 130, 141, 241­
242, 262­264, 266­267, 269, 270
considerations
64, 89, 90, 111, 168, 262
criteria 190, 268
definition 262, 264, 266, 269
framework 61­63, 74, 88, 90­
91, 213, 266, 268, 269
implications 18, 160, 263
issues 21, 22, 42, 61­63, 74,
87, 89­90, 107­108,
126, 138, 188­190, 213,
218, 241, 262, 264, 266­268
maturity 62
obligation 45
observations 189
outcomes 49, 61­63
position 43
principles 90, 265, 269
reasons 74, 188
regulation 62
responsibility 261
risks 47
standards 62
values 163, 264­265, 267
ethically appropriate 218
Ethics Council 91
establishment 270
Europe
consumers in 224
exports to 46
markets of 219
regulations 78
European
decision on liability 174, 177
European Parliament 178
European Union 78
evidence-based risk analysis 39
evolutionary theory 254
F
Fair Trading Act 1986. See Acts
farming. See industries
fermentation 119, 126
fibre products 55
field
performance 119
release 37, 48
trials 37­38, 48, 83­84, 105, 109­
110, 112, 115, 120, 126, 132­
133, 143, 144, 145, 153, 175, 182
flavonoids 120
food
approved 101
chain 144
distribution 149, 151, 217­218
exports 36, 58, 166
functional 152
global control 198
global production, 217
global retailers 223
global security 221
GM-free 58, 237­238, 261
imports 101
independent testing 248
kosher 249
labelling, 100­101, 125, 144­
145, 149, 163­164, 242, 248­
249, 266
laws 249
liability 102
nutraceutical 102, 152, 247, 258­
259
nutrition 120, 224, 258, 259
organic 141, 237, 261
patenting 102
production 26, 27, 52, 83,
102, 123, 130, 137, 142, 149,
151, 154, 217­218, 222,
238, 247, 255, 258
products 45, 55, 100­
102, 108, 115­117,
Index
| H1 | p299
Royal Commission on Genetic M odification | Report Appendix 2
123, 131, 144­145, 154,
178, 222, 223, 238, 247
properties 120
quality 27
safety 44, 51, 52, 82, 100­
102, 137, 141, 149­150, 151,
154, 158, 163, 218, 234, 241­
242, 244­245, 247
safety risk 18, 34, 94, 145, 148­
149, 168, 247
security 189, 217
shelf-life 118, 120
shortages 217
soy meal 142
standards 162, 164
superior 54­55, 56
testing, 248­249
transgenic 141
world supply 217­218
Food Act 1981. See Acts
Food Standards Treaty 66
Foreign Affairs Act 1988. See Acts
forest health 258
forestry. See industries
forestry markets 223
fuels
liquid 259
funding
authorities 60
for public education 107­108
for regulation 104, 106
for research 53, 117­118, 137, 206
into GM alternatives 58
product development worldwide 220
Public Good Science 107
G
gene
antibiotic marker 255
cystic fibrosis 195
deletion 121
discovery 121
disruption 121
expression 39, 119
function 119, 188, 196
insertion 121, 134
isolation 121, 188
knockout mice 122
knowledge 196
libraries 121
operation 134
recombinant 254
sequences 121, 189, 196, 221
sequencing 123, 196, 221
targeting techniques 121
therapy 50, 149, 153
transfer 39, 119, 251, 253­293
genes
human 130, 189, 209
human in cattle 210
in sheep 118
marker 119, 120, 148
patenting
patenting human 188­190
terminator 253, 256
transfer of human 265
transfer to humans 133
transformed 254
genetic
diversity 251
drift 180, 184
fingerprinting 256
intellectual property 195
typing 215
genetic assets 179
Genetic Technology Advisory Committee
(GTAC) 105
genome
cattle 199
deer 199
human 128, 188, 245
manipulation 121
Maori 111, 209, 210
sheep 199
genomic
information 197, 198
patents 197
genomics 55, 123, 199, 220
animal programme 199
germ-line therapy 91
granulocyte-colony stimulating factor
122
greenhouse gases 233, 256
growth factors 122
H
haemophilia. See disease
halal 266
hapu 191, 209
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Report Appendix 2 | Royal Commission on Genetic M odification
Hazardous Substances and New Organ-
isms Act (HSNO Act) 1996. See Acts
health
and safety
37, 40, 59, 66, 138, 162
benefits 209
care 79
human 47, 49­293, 68, 82,
92, 98, 115, 116, 117, 122, 130, 132­
134, 137, 139, 140, 141, 144, 145,
150, 156, 164, 171, 176, 180, 210­
211, 215­293, 217, 224, 229­
230, 236, 238, 241­242, 245­247
issues 21, 45, 54, 113, 245
mental 209
plant 171
public 18, 50­51, 54, 98,
102, 162, 164, 179
research 25, 49, 51­52, 136, 223
sector 17, 25, 128, 137, 164
service providers 25, 153, 162, 176
soil microbial 39
standards for organisms 66
status 50, 94
worm 39
Health Act 1956. See Acts
hepatitis. See disease
herbicides 258
use 248
HIV 180
honey. See bees and bee products
horizontal gene transfer
103, 121, 133, 148, 253­255
horticulture. See industries
host-microbe interactions 120
host/vector systems 99
HSNO Act 1996. See Acts
human cell use 75
Human Genome Project 152
human growth hormone 122
Huntingtons disease. See disease
I
immuno-modulatory proteins 122
indigenous
flora and fauna 34, 44, 53­
54, 104, 122, 139, 153, 167, 190­
192, 205, 207, 209­211,
212, 233, 251, 253, 256, 267
globalisation of issues 190, 216, 225
knowledge, 167­169, 191­193, 225
peoples 44, 167, 191, 193­208,
205, 225, 263, 265, 270­271
property rights 166­167, 187, 190­
191, 193, 225
resources 167, 192, 193, 194, 198
industries
agriculture 116, 151, 153
apple 115
biological 33­
34, 57, 58, 60, 115, 221, 236
biotechnology 25, 34­35, 50, 56,
61, 177, 188, 219, 220, 227, 249,
258­259, 268
chemical 38, 220
dairy 232
development of new 155, 217, 235
domestic 168
farming 34, 58, 59, 166, 195,
197, 199, 203, 222, 233, 259
fibre 259
food 220, 259
forestry 25, 53, 55, 56, 116, 120,
128, 141, 151, 223, 233, 269
game 232
"GE-free" 229
honey and bee products 154, 157
horticultural 116, 151, 153, 155
insurance 185
intensive livestock 259
knowledge-based 33, 229, 235
medical 195
organics 36, 55, 57­
58, 154, 180, 229
pharmaceutical
50, 82, 188, 192, 219­220
poultry 142
research 25
tourism 46, 219, 238
industry quality assurance programmes
183
information
confidential 201, 202
insects
management 258
tuber moth 119
wasp control 52, 121
Institutional Biological Safety Commit-
tees (IBSCs) 67, 97
Index
| H1 | p301
Royal Commission on Genetic M odification | Report Appendix 2
insurance 22, 182­183, 185
self 102
Swiss Re 185
intellectual property 186­293, 241
ability to patent 194
access 194­198, 200
acquisition 195, 196, 197­198
agreements 200
approaches 193, 200, 203
benefits 195
biopiracy 196
control 198
creation, 196
development 86­89, 153, 187
investment 194, 195
issues 18, 22, 186­187
laws 66­67, 189, 200, 203
licence 195
loss 196, 201
opportunities 198­199
ownership, 195­196
patenting 202
policies 192
problems 89
protection 73, 87­89, 186,
188, 194, 195, 196­197, 200­203
regime 187
regulation 67, 200­201
rights 89, 168, 177, 187, 189, 191­
194, 197, 203, 205, 214
rights of indigenous peoples
111, 166, 190, 225
risk 202
role 194
selling 56, 199
trade 55, 198­200
treaties and agreements 200
trends 195, 195­196, 199
intellectual standard 235
international agreements
Agreement on Technical Barriers to
Trade (TBT Agreement) 162, 165
Agreement on the Application of
Sanitary and Phytosanitary
Measures (SPS Agreement)
162, 165, 169­171
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects
of Intellectual Property Rights
(TRIPS Agreement)
79, 162, 165, 194, 200, 213
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
(Biosafety Protocol) 161­163, 169
Closer Economic Relations (CER) 67
Convention on Biological Diversity
53, 67, 161, 167­169, 170­
171, 192, 194, 225
Declaration of the Human Genome and
Human Rights 161
Draft Declaration on the Rights of
Indigenous Peoples
162, 166, 167, 193, 225
General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade (GATT) 79, 170, 171, 213
International Convention for the
Protection of New Varieties of
Plants 163
International Covenant on Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights 162
International Plant Protection
Convention (IPPC) 162
International Union for the Protection
of New Varieties of Plants 163
Mataatua Declaration on Cultural and
Intellectual Property Rights of
Indigenous Peoples 193, 225
Rio Declaration on Environment and
Development 83, 168, 225
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
161
international cartels 198
international marketplace 35, 56, 59­
60, 119, 130, 141, 162, 165,
220, 223, 226, 234, 238
international organisations
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
(APEC) 163
Food and Agriculture Organization
67, 162, 181
Organisation for Economic Co-
operation and Development
163, 181
World Health Organization
67, 162, 181
World Intellectual Property Organiza-
tion 162, 192
World Organisation for Animal Health
(Office International des
Epizooties) 162
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Report Appendix 2 | Royal Commission on Genetic M odification
World Trade Organization 67, 161­
163, 165, 166, 168­
171, 194, 200
international property
rights 193
International Society of Ethnobiologists
(ISE) 90
Code of Ethics 270
invention 79, 187­188
investment
in research 56, 60, 73, 81, 86,
118, 121, 135, 165, 234
ira tangata 265
Ireland
biotechnology strategy 227
iwi 193, 207
concerns 90, 191
consultation 88
ownership of genetic information 191
J
Japan
exports to 46
markets in 219
Jewish cultural customs 266
K
kaitiakitanga 62, 207­
208, 213, 253, 266
kaitiaki 193, 209, 270
kaitiaki obligations 209
Kimihia Research Centre 119
kiwifruit. See crops
knowledge
based products 224
based society 48, 165, 234­235
based technology 259
economy, 33­35, 36, 46, 60­
61, 86, 156, 221, 235, 259
Maori traditional 23, 111, 164,
167, 191­193, 205, 207, 209
pool 165, 171, 234­235
revolution 60
kosher requirements 266
L
labelling
of feed 142
of food. See food
of GM products 100, 134, 163, 182
propagative material 100
legal obligations
global 20, 79, 159, 165,
167, 216, 225
legumes
nitrogen supply 256
liability
acceptance 175
approaches to 23, 174­177
beneficiaries 174, 177
bond 85, 185
civil 179
establishment of, 174­293,
178, 183­184
funds 184
government 174­176
insurance 174, 184­293
issues 18, 22, 100, 102, 173­293
laws 18, 182­183
legal 179
measures 91
period 174
"polluter-pays" approach 174, 176­
177
provisions 181
regimes 181­183
regulation 181, 184
regulatory framework 174, 181­184
licences 62, 103, 195, 202
fees 103, 196­197
M
mana 207­209, 214, 255, 265
marker-assisted selection 121, 123
matauranga 209, 213
mauri, 208­209, 214, 255, 265
medical
applications 109­
110, 116, 140, 152, 245
care 47­293, 215
conditions 51, 219, 246
diagnostic tools 110, 221
ethics 269
experimentation 82
issues 26
research 34­35, 41, 50­52, 61,
81, 114, 122, 126, 131, 139,
140, 149, 152­153, 215, 245­246
side effects 246
Index
| H1 | p303
Royal Commission on Genetic M odification | Report Appendix 2
uses 112, 140, 141, 148, 151­
152, 158, 180
medicines 50­51, 58, 81­82, 93, 100,
103, 122, 131, 143, 153, 156, 164,
165, 167, 169, 180, 220­221,
230, 245, 247, 266
erythropoietin 122
insulin 41, 119, 137, 153, 219
interferons 122
interleukins 122
legislation 82
plasminogen activator 122
research 136
Medicines Act 1981. See Acts
mice. See animals
micro-injection 121
milk
improved casein content 118
increased production 199
reduced cost 258
sheep 119
Ministry for the Environment 66­67
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
66, 67, 75, 98, 170
Biosecurity Authority 67
Ministry of Health 66, 68, 82, 91, 180
monopoly 187, 198
"most-favoured-nation" 163
mutagenesis 121
N
National Ethics Committee 105
National Standards for Ethics Committees
91
"national treatment" 163
negligence 176, 178, 179, 182
New Zealand
biodiversity 44, 153, 164, 167­
168, 192, 213, 227, 251, 253
Biodiversity Strategy 44
biosecurity 227, 256
biotechnology strategy 226, 227
"clean and green" image
45, 46, 57­58, 142, 155, 223,
224, 238, 257, 260­261
competitiveness 31, 33­35, 55­56,
58, 59, 60, 80, 87, 141,
142, 156, 196, 222, 229, 233­
236, 258
cultural identity 168
ecosystem 54
export earnings
34, 46, 55, 57, 59,
166, 230, 232, 238
exports
46, 202, 221, 222, 238, 260
flax 121
food supply 125
germplasm collections 199
human resources 220
international obligations
18, 20, 22, 44, 52­53, 59,
78, 159­162, 163, 164, 166­
169, 170, 192, 225
international reputation 23, 33­34,
61, 160, 165, 170, 172, 179, 235
legislation, 66­68, 69, 72­
74, 78, 80­82, 84­85, 94,
96, 109, 163, 182, 191, 201, 269
policy 30, 39, 66­67, 107­108
productive capacity 33, 41, 48, 259
quality of life 258
regulations, 66­67, 73, 75, 80­
82, 87, 92­93, 96­97, 225, 226
standard of living 34, 56, 221
non-governmental organisation (NGO)
90
North America
consumers in 224
regulatory controls 78
nutrition
feed 224, 233
global deficiency 218
human 218, 224
nutritional equivalence 248
O
Occupational Safety and Health Service
(OSH) 68
Official Information Act 1982. See Acts
Ombudsman 202
optimal regulatory model 94
organic
certification
36, 46, 154, 179, 238, 248
farmers 41, 154, 178, 252
farming 42, 45­46, 57, 58,
154, 175, 222, 224, 228, 236­
239
haven 35
p304 |
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Report Appendix 2 | Royal Commission on Genetic M odification
markets 237
niche 239
production 38, 46, 57­58, 142,
154, 213, 228­229, 236­
253, 239­240, 253, 257, 261
products 41, 46, 55, 57­
58, 127, 141, 154, 155, 179­
180, 222, 260
organics industry. See industries
Ottawa Charter 79, 162, 164
overseas students 143, 220
P
pasture species 232
patenting
life forms 188­192, 209, 267
patents 177, 186­189, 194­195, 197­
198, 202
international 197, 200
international rights 221
laws 202
loss of patentability 201
patent holder 196, 198
protection 201­203
rights 187
system 203
trade impacts 199
Patents Act 1953. See Acts
penalties 100, 103, 182
peptide hormones 122
pesticides
novel 259
pests
control 42, 52­53, 66, 116, 120,
121, 139­140, 153, 156, 174­
175, 233, 236, 256, 258
pharmaceuticals 101, 119, 121, 137,
140, 152, 220, 240, 249, 259
global trends 219
pine. See crops
plant breeders 202
plant diseases 139
plant growth regulator 118
Plant Variety Rights 186
Plant Variety Rights Act 1987. See Acts
plants
Phormium tenax 121
treatment of disease 153
pollen 118, 133, 148, 154,
180, 240, 253­254
drift 253
pollination 253, 255
pollution 53, 217, 246, 256
genetic 254
remediation 53
population growth 217
possums. See animals
potato. See crops
precautionary approach/precautionary
principle 37, 39, 48, 53,
54, 75, 83, 134, 168­171,
254, 270
predictive testing 122
Principles for Corporate Responsibility
91
product safety 168, 176
protein hormones 122
public
acceptability 129­132, 143,
150, 246
attitudes 131
awareness 264
choice 249, 263
concerns 108, 129, 135, 187, 247
confidence 132
consent 125
consultation 87­88, 108, 243
disclosure 188
good 268
hearings 88
information 108, 129, 139, 164,
187, 201­202, 243­244, 249,
264, 269
interest 187, 241­243, 245,
247, 251, 253, 257
knowledge 125, 143, 247
notification 269
participation 87­89, 106, 268
perception 128, 130­132
policy 268
processes 187
referendum 88
register of GMOs 89
scrutiny 88, 169
uncertainty, 128­
132, 136, 141, 143, 144
understanding 129, 132, 207, 242
public's
rights 242, 244, 248
Index
| H1 | p305
Royal Commission on Genetic M odification | Report Appendix 2
R
rangatiratanga 62, 192, 206­207, 265
reciprocal rights 78
release
of GMOs, 37­39, 48, 54, 59, 62,
72, 75, 78, 80­81, 83­84, 92­
93, 95, 96, 99, 105, 109­110,
118, 132­134, 147, 149, 151­
152, 155, 161, 168, 169, 175,
177, 179, 183, 252, 254­255, 260
unauthorised 148
research
agricultural 132
global 60, 165, 188, 220, 226, 235
internationally competitive 86
programmes 35, 87, 97, 116,
138, 156, 235
proof of concept 115, 117, 118
research and development 31, 34­40,
48, 52, 62, 78, 80­81, 119,
129, 136, 138, 141, 149­150,
152, 157, 198, 203, 226, 257­259
resistance
antibiotic 133, 148
disease 120, 123, 254
fungus 120
herbicide 119­120, 121, 133,
248, 251­253
insect 119, 123
pest 118, 120­121, 234, 259
salinity 232
stress 233
Resource Management Act 1991. See
Acts
resources
distribution 208
globalisation 216, 219
rhizobia 121
rice. See crops
Risk Group categorisation system 99
Roslin Institute 195
`Roundup-Ready' 121
royalties 195, 197
S
salinity
increasing 217
resistance to 232, 233
seed
contra-season production 232
cost 155
saving 155, 179
sheep. See animals
Singapore Treaty 103
soft rot of potato 119
soilacid 233
bacteria 254
GM impacts on 139, 148
marginal 53
microbial action 39
nitrogen balance 256
quality 252
saline 233
Southern Asia
exports to 46
soybean. See crops
spiritual
beliefs 90, 155, 157, 213,
263, 270­271
concerns 21, 212, 262­263, 270­
271
definition 262
dimensions 108
framework 130
issues 22, 262, 270
traditions 271
understanding 64, 271
values 163, 212, 270
SPS Agreement. See international
agreements
Standing Committee on Therapeutic
Trials (SCOTT) 105
Stock Foods Act 1946. See Acts
substantial equivalence 248, 250
sugarbeet. See crops
"super-bugs" 253
"super-pests" 219
"super-weeds" 133, 219, 251­254
sustainable development 36, 167­
168, 217
Swedavia model 94
Swiss
government 80
regulatory model 79, 80
p306 |
Index
Report Appendix 2 | Royal Commission on Genetic M odification
T
taiao 104, 207
tangata whenua 63, 90, 108, 111,
168, 208­209, 212, 215, 265, 270
taonga 192­193, 206­207, 211,
214, 215, 265
TBT Agreement. See international
agreements: Agreement on
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT
Agreement)
tikanga Maori 104, 207­208, 213, 266
principles
23, 204, 207, 208, 210, 213
Tikanga Maori Framework of Protection
63, 108­111
timber. See crops
tolerance
cold 232
drought 233
heat 233
herbicide 119
toxic reactions 133
toxins 133
trade
barriers 46, 154, 165, 168­170, 199
bilateral 67, 170
harmonisation 168
international 130, 168, 170, 199,
200, 220
policy 159, 163
restrictions 170­171
Trade Marks Act 1953. See Acts
Trans-Tasman Mutual Recognition
Arrangement (TTMRA) 163
transgenes 134
transgenic
animals 121, 122, 143,
156, 195, 199
experiments 103
organisms 99, 130
plants 254
Treaty of Waitangi 18, 22, 63, 76, 84­
85, 90, 103, 108, 161, 167, 192, 204­
207, 209, 225, 266, 270, 271
TRIPS Agreement. See international
agreements: Agreement on Trade-
Related Aspects of Intellectual
Property Rights
U
unauthorised
experimentation 103, 117, 126
United Kingdom
biotechnology strategy 227
regulations 79­80, 93, 99
United States
biotechnology strategy 227
Congress Committee on Science 133
fees for GMO trial approval 86
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
101
insurance position 185
markets in 219
regulations 78, 93, 99, 180
University of Toronto
cystic fibrosis patent 195
V
vaccines 116, 221
advances in 223
bovine tuberculosis 118
hepatitis 119
hydatids 119
regulations 73, 82
vector systems 118, 121
velvet
growth 232
quality 232
viruses 251­255
vitamin A 188, 218
W
WAI 262 claim
44, 90, 111, 166, 167, 190­
193, 205­206, 208­
210, 225, 265, 270
wairua 214
Waitangi Tribunal 62, 103, 111, 167,
192, 205, 208, 212
water
efficient species 232
pollution 256
quality 252
shortage 217
whakapapa 44, 61­62, 104, 111,
121, 191, 208, 213­
214, 255, 263, 266
Index
| H1 | p307
Royal Commission on Genetic M odification | Report Appendix 2
whanau 208­209
ownership of genetic information
191
wheat. See crops
white clover. See crops
wood
quality 120, 258
yields 120, 258
worms 121
X
xenotransplantation 50, 130
Z
"zero risk" standard 135